What are V1, VR, and V2 in takeoff performance?

• A. V1 is rotation speed, VR is takeoff safety speed, V2 is decision speed.
• B. V1 is decision speed, VR is rotation speed, V2 is takeoff safety speed.
• C. V1 is climb speed, VR is rotation speed, V2 is cruise speed.
• D. V1 is landing weight, VR is engine speed, V2 is fuel speed.

Answer: (B)

The key idea here is understanding what each takeoff speed signifies for safe performance: V1, VR, and V2 define decision-making, rotation timing, and safe climb after an engine issue.

V1 is the decision speed. It’s the maximum speed at which the crew must decide to continue the takeoff or abort. If the airplane is still on the ground and stopped by that point, an aborted takeoff can be completed safely within the remaining runway. After reaching V1, there isn’t enough runway to stop reliably, so the crew should continue.

VR is the rotation speed. This is the speed at which the pilot smooths the transition from ground roll to liftoff by pitching the nose up to begin the takeoff climb. It’s chosen to ensure the airplane can lift off reliably at the proper angle and with good control.

V2 is the takeoff safety speed. This is the minimum speed at which the airplane can continue to climb, especially if an engine fails at or after V1, and still meet required obstacle clearance and performance. It provides a safe buffer as you accelerate and establish a one-engine-out climb.

So the best description is that V1 is decision speed, VR is rotation speed, and V2 is takeoff safety speed. The other common pairings mix these functions, which isn’t correct for the standard takeoff performance roles.